IRREGULAR VERBS

                          IRREGULAR VERBS

            KATA KERJA TIDAK BERATURAN

A
Abide	Abode/abided	Abode/ abided	Tunduk
Arise	arose	Arisen	Timbul
Awake	Awoke/ awakened	Awoken/ awakened	bangun
B
Backbite	Backbit	Backbitten	Fitnah
Be (am, is, are)	Was, were	Been	Menjadi (kata bantu)
Bear	Bore	Born	Lahir
Beat	Beat	Beaten /beat	Mengalahkan
Become	Became	Become	Menjadi
Befall	Befell	Befallen	Menimpa
Beget	Begot	Begotten	menurunkan
Begin	Began	Begun	Mulai
Behold	Beheld	Beheld	Melihat
Bend	Bent	Bent	Membengkokkan
Beseech	Besought / beseeched	Besought / beseeched	Memohon
Beset	Beset	Beset	Menimpa
Bestrew	Bestrewed	Bestrewn / Bestrewed	Menabur
Bet	Bet / betted	Bet / betted	Bertaruh
Betake	Betook	Betaken	Berangkat
Bethink	Bethought	Bethought	Memikirkan
Bid	Bid	Bidden	Menawar
Bind	Bound	Bound	Mengikat
Bite	Bit	Bitten	Menggigit
Bleed	Bled	Bled	Berdarah
Blow	Blew	Blown	Meniup
Break	Broke	Broken	Memecahkan
Breed	Bred	Bred	Berkembang biak
Bring	Brought	Brought	Membawa
Broadcast	Broadcast	Broadcast	Menyiarkan
Browbeat	Browbeat	Browbeat	Menggertak
Build	Built	Built	Membangun
Burn	Burnt / Burned	Burnt / Burned	Membakar
Burst	Burst	Burst	Memecah
buy	Bought	Bought	Membeli
C
Cast	Cast	Cast	Melemparkan
Catch	Caught	Caught	Menangkap
Chide	Chid / Chided	Chided / Chidden	Mencaci
Choose	Chose	Chosen	Memilih
Clap	Clapt / Clapped	Clapt / Clapped	Bertepuk tangan
Cling	Clung	Clung	Berpegang teguh
Clothe	Clothed / Clad	Clothed / Clad	Menyandangi
Come	Came	Come	Dating
Cost	Cost	Cost	Biaya
Creep	Crept	Crept	Merayap
Cut	Cut	Cut	Memotong
D
Dare	Durst / Dared	Durst / Dared	Berani
Daydream	Daydreamt / Daydreamed	Daydreamt / Daydreamed	Melamun
Deal	Dealt	Dealt	Berurusan
Dig	Dug	Dug	Menggali
Disprove	Disproved	Disproved / Disproven	Membantah
Dive	Dove / Dived	Dove / Dived	Menyelam
Do	Did	Done	Melakukan
Draw	Drew	Drawn	Menarik
Dream	Dreamt /  Dreamed	Dreamt /  Dreamed	Bermimpi
Drink	Drank	Drunk	Minum
Drive	Drove	Driven	Mengendarai
Dwell	Dwelt / Dwelled	Dwelt / Dwelled	Tinggal
E
Eat	Ate	Eaten	Makan
F
Fall	Fell	Fallen	Jatuh
Feed	Fed	Fed	Member makan
Feel	Felt	Felt	Merasakan
Fight	Fought	Fought	Berjuang
Find	Found	Found	Menemukan
Fit	Fit	Fit	Cocok
Fling	Flang	Flung	Melemparkan
Fly	Flew	Flown	Terbang
Forbear	Forbore	Forborn	Menahan diri
Forbid	Forbid	Forbidden	Melarang
Forecast	Forecast	Forecast	Meramalkan
Forget	Forgot	Forgotten	Lupa
Forgive	Forgave	Forgiven	Memaafkan
Freeze	Froze	Frozen	Membeku
G
Get	Got	Gotten	Memperoleh
Give	Gave	Given	Memberi
Go	Went	Gone	Pergi
Grind	Ground	Ground	Mengasah
Grow	Grew	Grown	Menanam
H
Hang	Hung	Hung	Menggantung
Have	Had	Had	Memiliki
Hear	Heard	Heard	Mendengarkan
Hide	Hid	Hidden	Menyembunyikan
Hit	Hit	Hit	Memukul
Hold	Held	Held	Memegang
Hurt	Hurt	Hurt	Melukai
K
Keep	Kept	Kept	Menjaga
Know	Knew	Known	Mengetahui
L
Lay	Laid	Laid	Meletakkan
Lead	Led	Led	Memimpin
Lean	Leant	Leant	Menyandarkan
Leave	Left	Left	Meninggalkan
learn	Learnt	Learnt	Mempelajari
Lend	Lent	Lent	Meminjamkan
Let	Let	Let	Membiarkan
Lie	Lay	Lain	Berbohong
Light	Lit	Lit	Menerangi
Lose	Lost	Lost	Kehilangan
M
Make	Made	Made	Membuat
Mean	Meant	Meant	Berarti
Meet	Met	Met	Bertemu
P
Pay	Paid	Paid	Membayar
Put	Put	Put	Menaruh
Q
Quit	Quit	Quit	Meninggalkan
R
Read	Read	Read	Membaca
Ride	Rode	Ridden	Mengendarai
Ring	Rang	Rung	Berdering
Rise	Rose	Risen	Menaikkan
Run	Run	Run	Berlari
S
Say	Said	Said	Berkata
See	Saw	Seen	Melihat
Seek	Sought	Sought	Mencari
Sell	Sold	Sold	Menjual
Send	Sent	Sent	Mengirim
Set	Set	Set	Mengatur
Shake	Shook	Shaken	Mengocok
Shine	Shone	Shone	Bersinar
Shoot	Shot	Shot	Menembak
Shrink	Shrank	Shrunk	Menyusut
Shut	Shut	Shut	Menutup
Sing	Sang	Sung	Bernyanyi
Sink	Sank	Sunk	Tenggelam
Sleep	Slept	Slept	Tidur
Slide	Slid	Slid	Menyelipkan
Speak	Spoke	Spoken	Berbicara
Spend	Spent	Spent	Menghabiskan
Spin	Spun	Spun	Memutar
Stand	Stood	Stood	Berdiri
Steal	Stole	Stolen	Mencuri
Stick	Stuck	Stuck	Menusuk
Sting	Stung	Stung	Menyengat
Swear	Swore	Sworn	Bersumpah
Sweep	Swept	Swept	Menyapu
Swim	Swam	Swum	Berenang
T
Take	Took	Taken	Mengambil
Teach	Taught	Taught	Mengajar
Tear	Tore	Torn	Berlinang (air mata)
Tell	Told	Told	Memberitahu
Think	Thought	Thought	Memikirkan
Throw	Threw	Thrown	Melempar
U
Understand	Understood	Understood	Mengerti
W
Wake	Woke	Woken	Bangun
Wear	Wore	Worn	Memakai
Weave	Wove	Woven	Menenun
Weep	Wept	Wept	Menangis
Win	Won	Won	Menang
Withdraw	Withdrew	Withdrawn	Menarik / Mengambil
Wring	Wrung	Wrung	Memeras
Write	Wrote	Written	Menulis

Degree of Comparison

{ April 27, 2011 @ 12:12 pm } · { Teaching }
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In English grammar the degree of comparison of an adjective or adverb that describes the relational value of one thing with something in another clause of a sentence.
An Adjective is a word which qualifies (shows how big, small, great, many, few, etc.) a noun or a pronoun is in a sentence.
An adjective can be attributive (comes before a noun) or predicative (comes in the predicate part):
e.g.  He is a tall man. (‘tall’ –  adjective – attributive)
This man is tall.  (‘tall’ –  adjective – predicative)
An adjective may simply describe a quality, (the positive); it may compare the quality with that of another of its kind (comparative degree); and it may compare the quality with many or all others (superlative degree).  In other languages it may describe a very large degree of a particular quality (in Semitic linguistics, called an elative).
An Adverb is a word which adds to the meaning of the main verb (how it is done, when it is done, etc.) of a sentence or expression.
It normally ends with ‘ly’, but there are some adverbs that are without ‘ly’:
e.g.  She ate her lunch quickly.   He speaks clearly.  They type fast.
The degree of comparison may be expressed morphologically, or syntactically. In English, for example, most monosyllabic and some disyllabic adjectives have morphological degrees of comparison: green (positive), greener (comparative), greenest (superlative); pretty, prettier, prettiest; while most polysyllabic adjectives use syntax: complex, more complex, most complex.

Kinds of comparison:

1. POSITIVE DEGREE: Tom is a tall boy.
In this sentence the word ‘tall’ is an adjective telling us how Tom is.  There is no other person or thing in this sentence used to compare Tom with, but it is the general way of saying about persons, animals and things that they have some quality (here ‘tallness’) above average in general sense. The adjective word ‘tall’ is said to be  in the “positive form”.
This comparison is called “positive degree” comparison.
There are two more comparisons with the ‘positive form’ of the adjective words. They are:
(i)  Degree of Equality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are equal – having the same quality.
There are  two cats with the same height and weight, and look the same except for the colour.
Therefore we say:
The brown cat is as beautiful as the grey cat.  (= Both the cats are the same.)
The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction as…as  it expresses the ‘degree of equality’.
(ii)  Degree of Inequality: This comparison is used to compare two persons, animals or things to tell us that they are not equal – not having the same quality.
The brown cat is not so beautiful as the black & white cat.         (= They are not the same.)
The word “beautiful” is an adjective in the ‘positive form’, and with the conjunction so…as (and the negative ‘not’) it expresses the ‘degree of inequality’

2. COMPARATIVE DEGREE:   Tom is taller than his sister.
In the second sentence the word ‘taller’ is an adjective used to compare the ‘tallness’ of these two persons – Tom and his sister – and to tell us that Tom has more of the quality of ‘tallness’.
Therefore, an adjective word which shows the difference of quality between two groups of persons, animals or things is said to be in the ‘comparative form’. persons, animals or things, or
This comparison is called “Comparative Degree”.
There are two more degrees of comparison with the ‘comparative form’ of an adjective. They are:
(i)  Parallel Degree: This comparison is used to show that the qualities of two items (adjectives or adverbs) talked about in the given sentence go parallel, i.e. if one quality (adjective or adverb) increases, the other quality (adjective or adverb) increases, and if one quality decreases, the other quality also decreases.
Ex: The bigger the box, the heavier it is.
(ii)  Progressive Degree: This comparison is used to show that the quality of a thing (adjective or adverb) talked about in the given sentence increases as the time passes, for example:
MON      TUE         WED       THU        FRI          SAT         SUN
25°          → 27°    → 30°      → 33°     → 35°       → 38°      → 40°
It’s getting hotter and hotter day by day.  [as the time passes the temperature increases] OR The days are getting hotter and hotter.

3. SUPERLATIVE DEGREE: Tom is the tallest students in the class
In this sentence the word (the) ‘tallest’ is an adjective used to compare the “tallness” of the students
This comparison is used to compare one person, animal or thing with more than two persons, animals or things (the rest of the group of more than two), and to say that the particular one has the highest degree of that particular quality. The adjective ‘large’ is said to be in the ‘superlative form’.
The next point to be considered is the forms of the adjectives and adverbs.
There are three forms – positive form, comparative form and superlative form – and seven degrees of comparison. That means we make seven degrees of comparison using the three forms of almost every adjective or adverb word.  Therefore, it is important for us to discuss the forms before going any further into this topic.
Most adjective or adverb words in their positive form take ‘er’  to change to comparative and ‘est’ to change to superlative form.  However, the words ending in ‘e’ take only ‘r’ to change to comparative form and only ‘st’ to change to superlative form.  And there are other differences with words having different spelling.

The meaning of an adjective or adverb in Comparative and Superlative form does not change; it is only the form that is changed but not the meaning.
Therefore, depending on the spelling, the adjective or adverb words are separated into groups so that we can memorize the spellings of the words in their different forms easily.
a)  The words which end in ‘e’ belong to this group and take only ‘r’ in comparative form and ‘st’ in superlative form:
brave  →  braver      → the bravest
large  →  larger         → the largest
wise    →  wiser          → the wisest
nice     → nicer           → the nicest

b) The words which end in any letter other than ‘e’ and/or ‘y’ belong to this group and take ‘er’ in comparative form and ‘est’ in superlative from:
sweet — sweeter — the sweetest
tall       → taller            → the tallest
young → younger      → the youngest
thick    → thicker         → the thickest
smart   → smarter       → the smartest
short    → shorter        → the shortest
c) The words which end in ‘y’ preceded by a consonant belong to this group; they lose the last letter ‘y’ and take ‘ier’ in the comparative form and ‘iest’ in superlative form:
happy → happier       → the happiest
easy     → easier          → the easiest
heavy   → heavier       → the heaviest
dry       →drier             → the driest
wry      → wrier           → the wriest
d) The words which end in ‘y’ preceded by a vowel, however, do not change their spelling but take ‘r/er’ in comparative form and ‘st/est’ in superlative form:
gay      → gayer          → the gayest
coy      →coyer           → the coyest
grey     →greyer          → the greyest
e) the words which end in a ‘consonant’ having a ‘vowel’ before that consonant belong to this group, and have their last consonant letter doubled before taking ‘er’ in comparative form and ‘est’ in superlative form:
red      →à redder         → the reddest
thin      → thinner       → the thinnest
hot       → hotter          → the hottest
big       →bigger          → the biggest
f) The words which have ‘two or more vowel sounds/ syllables’ in them belong to this group, and take the word “more” before them in comparative form and the word “ (the) most” in superlative form:

beautiful        → more beautiful       → the most beautiful
difficult           → more difficult        → the most difficult
handsome        → more handsome     → the most handsome
expensive        → more expensive      → the most expensive
diligent            → more diligent         → the most diligent
g) The words which have ‘two or more vowel sounds/ syllables’ in them belong to this group, and end in “some, ow, le, er”, take ‘er’ in comparative form and ‘est’ in superlative from:

wholesome      → wholesomer            → wholesomerst
narrow             → narrower                 → narrowest
noble               → nobler                     → noblest
clever               → cleverer                   → cleverest
h) the words in this group do not take any suffix or any other word before them, but change their spelling and pronunciation entirely to form new words with the same meaning, of course (irregular)
good/well        →better                      →à the  best
bad/evil/ill       → worse                     →à the  worst
little                 → less/lesser*             →  the  least
much /many     → more                       → the most
late                  → later/latter*             → the latest/last*
old                   → older/elder*            → the oldest/eldest*
far                    → farther                    → the  farthest
fore                  → former                    →the  foremost/first*
fore                  → further                    → the  furthest
in                     → inner                       →the  inmost/inner most
up                    → upper                      →  the  upmost/uppermost
out                   → outer/utter               → the utmost/utter most